A | 北京时间1月14日早些时候，TechCrunch报道说，密歇根州立大学的研究人员正在探索社交媒体成瘾的概念。他们发现，在日常生活中，使用社交媒体网站的人表现出与可卡因或海洛因上瘾者相似的行为特征。
B |
The first Republican presidential debate is quickly approaching, and with it, an early test of the candidates’ viability.
To qualify for the Aug. 23 debate in Milwaukee, a candidate must poll at least 1% in three national polls, or a mix of two national polls and two polls from early-primary states, according to rules set by the Republican National Committee. Candidates must also receive donations from 40,000 donors, including 200 unique donors in 20 states or more.
In addition to the polling and fundraising requirements, the candidates must also take a loyalty pledge in order to participate in the debate. With that pledge, which has been controversial among the candidates, GOP presidential hopefuls must sign a statement that they will support the eventual Republican nominee.
Though the barriers for entry aren’t especially high, some candidates have raised concerns that the addition of a fundraising requirement is too burdensome. All the while, the importance of the event has been called into question as former President Donald Trump, the GOP front-runner, has opted not to attend.
Here’s where the candidates stand:
Candidates Who Met Polling and Fundraising Requirements:
(Julie Bennett/Getty Images)
(Rebecca S. Gratz for The Washington Post via Getty Images)
(Charles Krupa/AP)
Former ambassador to the United Nations, former South Carolina governor
(Alex Brandon/AP)
(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)
Former New Jersey governor
(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)
(Scott Olson/Getty Images)
(Jacquelyn Martin/AP)
(Scott Olson/Getty Images)
Candidates Who Did Not Meet the Polling and Fundraising Thresholds:
(Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
Conservative talk radio host
(Scott Olson/Getty Images)
(SERGIO FLORES/AFP via Getty Images)
Business executive, pastor
(SERGIO FLORES/AFP via Getty Images)
Former congressman, Texas
(Scott Olson/Getty Images)
Former Cranston, Rhode Island, mayor
(ED JONES/AFP via Getty Images)
。相关论文已发表在《行为成瘾杂志》上。
C | 该研究首先要求71名参与者使用Bergen-Facebook成瘾量表对他们使用Facebook的情况进行评分。然后，受试者继续完成爱荷华游戏任务（IGT），这是一个评估决策能力受损程度的经典研究工具。具体方法是向参与者展示四包卡片和四组卡片。每张卡片都显示了获得或损失的金额。要求参与者在其中进行选择，以最大限度地提高收益。正如研究中解释的那样，“参与者还被告知，有些卡片比其他的好，如果他们想做得好，就应该避免坏卡片，选择好卡片。
D | ”研究人员发现，声称自己是Facebook过度用户的参与者在IGT上的表现比他们的同龄人差，他们选择了两张“坏”卡片，提供即时B。
E | 但最终导致了损失。在IGT的后一部分，当参与者有足够的时间观察卡片并知道哪些卡片预测了最大的风险时，实验中显示的行为差异具有统计学意义。从额叶脑损伤患者到海洛因依赖者，IGT已被广泛应用于各个研究领域，但作为一种检测社交媒体依赖者的手段，它仍然是一种创新的方法。
F | 随着结构研究的不断深入，研究者们可以肯定地将现有的学习物质成瘾的方法论框架应用于社交媒体用户。虽然上述研究范围较窄，但很有意思，为后续研究提供了一些方法。
G | 研究人员已经意识到，在理想的研究状态下，研究人员可以观察参与者的社交媒体使用情况，并根据他们的行为而不是他们填写的调查对他们的社交媒体使用情况进行排名。未来的研究也可以更深入地应用于不同社交网络的过度使用用户。
H | 目前，这项研究只关注Facebook的使用，“因为它是当今世界上使用最广泛的社交网络”，但人们可以预期，Instagram每月拥有超过10亿用户，而Twitter上瘾者则少得多。
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